Parents’ Guide

 

 

 

 

 

Bath Local Schools

 

Eighth Grade

 

 

 

Ohio Academic Content

Standards

Grade Level Indicator

Checklists


 

 

 

 

 

Acknowledgements:

 

Robert Fogler, Superintendent

Arline Mase, Assistant Superintendent

John Evanosky, Conotton Valley Curriculum Coordinator

Deb Haglock, Strasburg Curriculum Coordinator

Janis Hunter, Indian Valley Curriculum Coordinator

Elaine Karp, Garaway Curriculum Coordinator

Jeff Raynor, Tuscarawas Valley Curriculum Coordinator

 Jerry Rippeth, Brown Local Curriculum Coordinator

Karen Jenkins, Special Projects

Vikki Horrisberger, Layout and Design

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permitted in writing.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Curriculum Department

834 East High Avenue

New Philadelphia, Ohio  44663

Phone: 330.308.9939

Fax: 330.308.0964

www.tchesc.k12.oh.us

 

 

 

 


 

 

 

Dear Parents and Guardians,

 

Have you ever wondered if your child is learning what he or she needs to know?

 

Academic Content Standards set expectations for teaching and learning. Standards are statements of knowledge and skills that every child is expected to learn and use in solving everyday problems and to become a contributing citizen. Your child’s school uses the Standards to assist in matching teaching and learning with testing so that youngsters are tested on the same knowledge and skills that they have learned.

 

This booklet tells what your child will be learning this school year in the major academic subjects. The Grade Level Indicators listed are specific statements of the knowledge and skills that a student must demonstrate. The Indicators serve as checkpoints that monitor progress towards the learning that your child will demonstrate on statewide tests, from elementary school all the way through high school.

 

As you look through this parent resource, you will see that the Indicators are grouped under the relevant Standards. The Ohio State Board of Education has adopted Standards and Grade Level Indicators in the core subjects mandated for statewide tests.

 

ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS

MATHEMATICS

SOCIAL STUDIES

SCIENCE

 

If after reviewing this booklet, you have questions or concerns, please contact your child’s teacher.

 

 

This parent resource was developed by the Tuscarawas-Carroll-Harrison Educational Service Center to further our mission of “helping schools help students.”


English Language Arts

Acquisition of Vocabulary

Indicator

1.   Define unknown words through context clues and the author’s use of comparison, contrast and cause and effect.

2.   Apply knowledge of connotation and denotation to determine the meaning of words.

3.   Identify the relationships of pairs of words in analogical statements (e.g., synonyms and antonyms) and infer word meanings from these relationships.

4.   Infer the literal and figurative meaning of words and phrases and discuss the function of figurative language, including metaphors, similes and idioms.

5.   Examine and discuss the ways that different events (e.g., cultural, political, social, technological, and scientific events) impact and change the English language.

6.   Use knowledge of Greek, Latin and Anglo-Saxon roots, prefixes and suffixes to understand complex words and new subject-area vocabulary (e.g., unknown words in science, mathematics and social studies).

7.   Determine the meanings and pronunciations of unknown words by using dictionaries, thesauruses, glossaries, technology and textual features, such as definitional footnotes or sidebars.

Reading Process: Concepts of Print, Comprehension Strategies and     Self-Monitoring Strategies

Indicator

1.   Apply reading comprehension strategies, including making predictions, comparing and contrasting, recalling and summarizing and making inferences and drawing conclusions.

2.   Answer literal, inferential, evaluative and synthesizing questions to demonstrate comprehension of grade-appropriate print texts and electronic and visual media.

3.   Monitor own comprehension by adjusting speed to fit the purpose, or by skimming, scanning, reading on, looking back, note taking or summarizing what has been read so far in text.

4.   Use criteria to choose independent reading materials (e.g., personal interest, knowledge of authors and genres or recommendations from others).

5.   Independently read books for various purposes (e.g., for enjoyment, for literary experience, to gain information or to perform a task).


Reading Applications: Informational, Technical and Persuasive Text

Indicator

1.   Compare and contrast text features, including format and headers of various informational texts in terms of their structure and purpose.

2.   Identify and use the organizational structure of a text, such as chronological, compare-contrast, cause-effect, problem-solution, and evaluate its effectiveness.

3.   Compare and contrast the treatment, scope and organization of ideas from different sources on the same topic.

4.   Analyze information found in maps, charts, tables, graphs, diagrams, cutaways and overlays.

5.   Assess the adequacy, accuracy and appropriateness of an author’s details, identifying persuasive techniques (e.g., bandwagon, testimonial and emotional word repetition) and examples of bias and stereotyping.

6.   Identify the author’s purpose and intended audience for the text.

7.   Analyze an author’s argument, perspective or viewpoint and explain the development of key points.


English Language Arts

8.   Recognize how writers cite facts, draw inferences and present opinions in informational text.

9.   Distinguish the characteristics of consumer materials (e.g., warranties, product information, instructional materials), functional or workplace documents (e.g., job-related materials, memoranda, instructions) and public documents (e.g., speeches or newspaper editorials).

Reading Applications: Literary Text

Indicator

1.   Identify and explain various types of characters (e.g., flat, round, dynamic, static) and how their interactions and conflicts affect the plot.

2.   Analyze the influence of setting in relation to other literary elements.

3.   Explain how authors pace action and use subplots, parallel episodes and climax.

4.   Compare and contrast different points of view (e.g., first person and third person limited, omniscient, objective and subjective), and explain how voice affects literary text.

5.   Identify and explain universal themes across different works by the same author and by different authors.

6.   Explain how an author’s choice of genre affects the expression of a theme or topic.

7.   Identify examples of foreshadowing and flashback in a literary text.

8.   Explain ways in which the author conveys mood and tone through word choice, figurative language, and syntax.

9.   Examine symbols used in literary texts.


Writing Processes

Indicator

1.   Generate writing ideas through discussions with others and from printed material, and keep a list of writing ideas.

2.   Conduct background reading, interviews or surveys when appropriate.

3.   Establish a thesis statement for informational writing or a plan for narrative writing.

4.   Determine a purpose and audience and plan strategies (e.g., adapting focus, content structure and point of view) to address purpose and audience.

5.   Use organizational strategies (e.g., notes and outlines) to plan writing.

6.   Organize writing with an effective and engaging introduction, body and a conclusion that summarizes, extends or elaborates on points or ideas in the writing.

7.   Vary simple, compound and complex sentence structures.

8.   Group related ideas into paragraphs, including topic sentences following paragraph form, and maintain a consistent focus reinforced by parallel structures across paragraphs.

9.   Use precise language, action verbs, sensory details, colorful modifiers and style as appropriate to audience and purpose.

10.    Use available technology to compose text.

11.    Reread and analyze clarity of writing and consistency of point of view.

12.    Add and delete information and details to better elaborate on a stated central idea and to more effectively accomplish purpose.

13.    Rearrange words, sentences and paragraphs, and add transitional words and phrases to clarify meaning.

14.    Use resources and reference materials (e.g., dictionaries and thesauruses) to select more effective vocabulary.

Indicators continued on next page


English Language Arts

15.    Proofread writing, edit to improve conventions (e.g., grammar, spelling, punctuation and capitalization) and identify and correct fragments and run-ons.

16.    Apply tools (e.g., rubric, checklist and feedback) to judge the quality of writing.

17.    Prepare for publication (e.g., for display or for sharing with others) writing that follows a manuscript form appropriate for the purpose, which could include such techniques as electronic resources, principles of design (e.g., margins, tabs, spacing and columns) and graphics (e.g., drawings, charts and graphs) to enhance the final product.

Writing Applications

Indicator

1.   Write narratives that:

a.   sustain reader interest by pacing action and developing an engaging plot (e.g., tension and suspense);

b.   use literary devices to enhance style and tone; and

c.    create complex characters in a definite, believable setting.

2.   Write responses to literature that organize an insightful interpretation around several clear ideas, premises or images and support judgments with specific references to the original text, to other texts, authors and to prior knowledge.

3.   Write business letters, letters to the editor and job applications that:

a.   address audience needs, stated purpose and context in a clear and efficient manner;

b.   follow the conventional style appropriate to the text using proper technical terms;

c.    include appropriate facts and details;

d.   exclude extraneous details and inconsistencies; and

e.   provide a sense of closure to the writing.

4.   Write informational essays or reports, including research, that:

a.   pose relevant and tightly drawn questions that engage the reader;

b.   provide a clear and accurate perspective on the subject;

c.    create an organizing structure appropriate to the purpose, audience and context;

d.   support the main ideas with facts, details, examples and explanations from sources; and

e.   document sources and include bibliographies.

5.   Write persuasive compositions that:

a.   establish and develop a controlling idea;

b.   support arguments with detailed evidence;

c.    exclude irrelevant information; and

d.   cite sources of information.

6.   Produce informal writings (e.g., journals, notes and poems) for various purposes.


Writing Conventions

Indicator

1.   Use correct spelling conventions.

2.   Use correct punctuation and capitalization.

3.   Use all eight parts of speech (e.g., noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, conjunction, preposition, interjection).

4.   Use clauses (e.g., main, subordinate) and phrases (e.g., gerund, infinitive, participial).


English Language Arts

5.   Use parallel structure to present items in a series and items juxtaposed for emphasis.

6.   Use proper placement of modifiers.

7.   Maintain the use of appropriate verb tenses.

8.   Conjugate regular and irregular verbs in all tenses correctly.

Research

Indicator

1.   Compose open-ended questions for research, assigned or personal interest, and modify questions as necessary during inquiry and investigation.

2.   Identify appropriate sources and gather relevant information from multiple sources (e.g., school library catalogs, online databases, electronic resources and Internet-based resources).

3.   Explain the usefulness and accuracy of sources by determining their validity (e.g., authority, accuracy, objectivity, publication date and coverage) and define primary and secondary sources.

4.   Select an appropriate structure for organizing information in a systematic way (e.g., notes, outlines, charts, tables and graphic organizers).

5.   Compile and organize the important information and select appropriate sources to support central ideas, concepts and themes.

6.   Integrate quotations and citations into written text to maintain a flow of ideas.

7.   Use style guides to produce oral and written reports that give proper credit for sources and include an acceptable format for source acknowledgement.

8.   Use a variety of communication techniques, including oral, visual, written or multimedia reports, to present information that supports a clear position about the topic or research question and to maintain an appropriate balance between researched information and original ideas.

Communication: Oral and Visual

Indicator

1.   Apply active listening strategies (e.g., monitoring message for clarity, selecting and organizing essential information, noting cues such as changes in pace).

2.   Identify and analyze the persuasive techniques (e.g., bandwagon, testimonial, glittering generalities, emotional word repetition and bait and switch) used in presentations and media messages.

3.   Determine the credibility of the speaker (e.g., hidden agendas, slanted or biased material) and recognize fallacies of reasoning used in presentations and media messages.

4.   Identify the speaker’s choice of language and delivery styles (e.g., repetition, appeal to emotion, eye contact) and how they contribute to meaning.

5.   Demonstrate an understanding of the rules of the English language and select language appropriate to purpose and audience.

6.   Adjust volume, phrasing, enunciation, voice modulation and inflection to stress important ideas and impact audience response.

7.   Vary language choices as appropriate to the context of the speech.

Indicators continued on next page


English Language Arts

8.   Deliver informational presentations (e.g., expository, research) that:

a.   demonstrate an understanding of the topic and present events or ideas in a logical sequence;

b.   support the controlling idea or thesis with well-chosen and relevant facts, details, examples, quotations, statistics, stories and anecdotes;

c.    include an effective introduction and conclusion and use a consistent organizational structure (e.g., cause-effect, compare-contrast, problem-solution);

d.   use appropriate visual materials (e.g., diagrams, charts, illustrations) and available technology; and

e.   draw from multiple sources, including both primary and secondary sources, and identify sources used.

9.   Deliver formal and informal descriptive presentations that convey relevant information and descriptive details.

10.    Deliver persuasive presentations that:

a.   establish and develop a logical and controlled argument;

b.   include relevant evidence, differentiating between evidence and opinion to support a position and to address counter-arguments or listener bias; and

c.    consistently use common organizational structures as appropriate (e.g., cause-effect, compare-contrast, problem-solution).

COMMENTS


Mathematics

Number, Number Sense and Operations

Indicator

1.   Use scientific notation to express large numbers and small numbers between 0 and 1.

2.   Recognize that natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers and irrational numbers are subsets of the real number system.

3.   Apply order of operations to simplify expressions and perform computations involving integer exponents and radicals.

4.   Explain and use the inverse and identity properties and use inverse relationships (addition/subtraction, multiplication/division, squaring/square roots) in problem solving situations.

5.   Determine when an estimate is sufficient and when an exact answer is needed in problem situations, and evaluate estimates in relation to actual answers; e.g., very close, less than, greater than.

6.   Estimate, compute and solve problems involving rational numbers, including ratio, proportion and percent, and judge the reasonableness of solutions.

7.   Find the square root of perfect squares, and approximate the square root of non-perfect squares as consecutive integers between which the root lies; e.g., 130is between 11 and 12.

8.   Add, subtract, multiply, divide and compare numbers written in scientific notation.

Measurement

Indicator

1.   Compare and order the relative size of common U.S. customary units and metric units; e.g., mile and kilometer, gallon and liter, pound and kilogram.

2.   Use proportional relationships and formulas to convert units from one measurement system to another; e.g., degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius.

3.   Use appropriate levels of precision when calculating with measurements.

4.   Derive formulas for surface area and volume and justify them using geometric models and common materials. For example, find:

a.   the surface area of a cylinder as a function of its height and radius; and

b.   that the volume of a pyramid (or cone) is one-third of the volume of a prism (or cylinder) with the same base area and height.

5.   Determine surface area for pyramids by analyzing their parts.

6.   Solve and determine the reasonableness of the results for problems involving rates and derived measurements, such as velocity and density, using formulas, models and graphs.

7.   Apply proportional reasoning to solve problems involving indirect measurements or rates.

8.   Find the sum of the interior and exterior angles of regular convex polygons with and without measuring the angles with a protractor.

9.   Demonstrate understanding of the concepts of perimeter, circumference and area by using established formulas for triangles, quadrilaterals, and circles to determine the surface area and volume of prisms, pyramids, cylinders, spheres and cones. (Note: Only volume should be calculated for spheres and cones.)

10.    Use conventional formulas to find the surface area and volume of prisms, pyramids and cylinders and the volume of spheres and cones to a specified level of precision.


Mathematics

Geometry and Spatial Sense

Indicator

1.   Make and test conjectures about characteristics and properties (e.g., sides, angles, symmetry) of two-dimensional figures and three-dimensional objects.

2.   Recognize the angles formed and the relationship between the angles when two lines intersect and when parallel lines are cut by a transversal.

3.   Use proportions in several forms to solve problems involving similar figures (part-to-part, part-to-whole, corresponding sides between figures).

4.   Represent and analyze shapes using coordinate geometry; e.g., given three vertices and the type of quadrilateral, find the coordinates of the fourth vertex.

5.   Draw the results of translations, reflections, rotations and dilations of objects in the coordinate plane, and determine properties that remain fixed; e.g., lengths of sides remain the same under translations.

6.   Draw nets for a variety of prisms, pyramids, cylinders and cones.

Patterns, Functions and Algebra

Indicator

1.   Relate the various representations of a relationship; i.e., relate a table to graph, description and symbolic form.

2.   Generalize patterns and sequences by describing how to find the nth term.

3.   Identify functions as linear or nonlinear based on information given in a table, graph or equation.

4.   Extend the uses of variables to include covariants where y depends on x.

5.   Use physical models to add and subtract monomials and polynomials, and to multiply a polynomial by a monomial.

6.   Describe the relationship between the graph of a line and its equation, including being able to explain the meaning of slope as a constant rate of change and y-intercept in real-world problems.

7.   Use symbolic algebra (equations and inequalities), graphs and tables to represent situations and solve problems.

8.   Write, simplify and evaluate algebraic expressions (including formulas) to generalize situations and solve problems.

9.   Solve linear equations and inequalities graphically, symbolically and using technology.

10.    Solve 2 by 2 systems of linear equations graphically and by simple substitution.

11.    Interpret the meaning of the solution of a 2 by 2 system of equations; i.e., point, line, no solution.

12.    Solve simple quadratic equations graphically; e.g., y = x2 – 16.

13.    Compute and interpret slope, midpoint and distance given a set of ordered pairs.

14.    Differentiate and explain types of changes in mathematical relationships, such as linear vs. nonlinear, continuous vs. noncontinuous, direct variation vs. inverse variation.

15.    Describe and compare how changes in an equation affects the related graphs; e.g., for a linear equation changing the coefficient of x affects the slope and changing the constant affects the intercepts.

16.    Use graphing calculators or computers to analyze change; e.g., interest compounded over time as a nonlinear growth pattern.


Mathematics

Data Analysis and Probability

Indicator

1.   Use, create and interpret scatterplots and other types of graphs as appropriate.

2.   Evaluate different graphical representations of the same data to determine which is the most appropriate representation for an identified purpose; e.g., line graph for change over time, circle graph for part-to-whole comparison, scatterplot for relationship between two variants.

3.   Differentiate between discrete and continuous data and appropriate ways to represent each.

4.   Compare two sets of data using measures of center (mean, mode, median) and measures of spread (range, quartiles, interquartile range, percentiles).

5.   Explain the mean's sensitivity to extremes and its use in comparison with the median and mode.

6.   Make conjectures about possible relationship in a scatterplot and approximate line of best fit.

7.   Identify different ways of selecting samples, such as survey response, random sample, representative sample and convenience sample.

8.   Describe how the relative size of a sample compared to the target population affects the validity of predictions.

9.   Construct convincing arguments based on analysis of data and interpretation of graphs.

10.             Calculate the number of possible outcomes for a situation, recognizing and accounting for when items may occur more than once or when order is important.

11.             Demonstrate an understanding that the probability of either of two disjoint events occurring can be found by adding the probabilities for each and that the probability of one independent event following another can be found by multiplying the probabilities.

COMMENTS


Social Studies

History

Indicator

1.   Select events and construct a multiple-tier time line to show relationships among events.

2.   Describe the political, religious and economic aspects of North American colonization including:

a.   reasons for colonization, including religion, desire for land and economic opportunity;

b.   key differences among the Spanish, French and British colonies;

c.    interactions between American Indians and European settlers, including the agricultural and cultural exchanges, alliances and conflicts;

d.   indentured servitude and the introduction and institutionalization of slavery;

e.   early representative governments and democratic practices that emerged, including town meetings and colonial assemblies; and

f.    conflicts among colonial powers for control of North America.

3.   Identify and explain the sources of conflict which led to the American Revolution, with emphasis on the perspectives of the Patriots, Loyalists, neutral colonists and the British concerning:

a.   the Proclamation of 1763, the Stamp Act, the Townshend Acts, the Tea Act and the Intolerable Acts; and

b.   the Boston Tea Party, the boycotts, the Sons of Liberty and petitions and appeals to Parliament.

4.   Explain the results of important developments of the American Revolution including:

a.   a declaration of American independence;

b.   character and significance of the military struggle in the North in the early years of the war and the shift of the battle to the South after 1779;

c.    creation of state constitutions; and

d.   impacts on women, African-Americans and American Indians.

5.   Explain major domestic problems faced by the leaders of the new republic under the Articles of Confederation including:

a.   maintaining national security;

b.   creating a stable economic system;

c.    dealing with war debts;

d.   collecting revenue; and

e.   defining the authority of the central government.

6.   Explain the challenges in writing and ratifying the United States Constitution including:

a.   issues debated during the convention resulting in compromises, (i.e., the Great Compromise, the Three-Fifths Compromise and the compromise over the slave trade);

b.   the Federalist/Anti-Federalist debate; and

c.    the debate over a Bill of Rights.

7.   Describe the actions taken to build one country from 13 states including:

a.   the precedents established by George Washington, including the cabinet and a two-term presidency;

b.   Alexander Hamilton’s actions to create a financially strong country, including the creation of a national bank; and

c.    the establishment of an independent federal court system.


Social Studies

8.   Describe and analyze the territorial expansion of the United States including:

a.   Northwest Ordinance;

b.   the Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark expedition;

c.    westward movement including Manifest Destiny; and

d.   the Texas War for Independence and the Mexican-American War.

9.   Explain causes of the Civil War with emphasis on:

a.   slavery;

b.   states’ rights;

c.    the different economies of the North and South;

d.   the extension of slavery into the territories, including the Dred Scott Decision and the Kansas-Nebraska Act;

e.   the abolitionist movement and the roles of Frederick Douglass and John Brown;

f.    the addition of new states to the Union and their impact on the balance of power in the Senate, including the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850; and

g.   the emergence of Abraham Lincoln as a national figure in the Lincoln-Douglas debates, the presidential election of 1860 and the South’s secession.

10.             Explain the course and consequences of the Civil War with emphasis on:

a.   contributions of key individuals, including Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant;

b.   the Emancipation Proclamation; and

c.    the Battle of Gettysburg.

11.             Analyze the consequences of Reconstruction with emphasis on:

a.   President Lincoln’s assassination and the ensuing struggle for control of Reconstruction, including the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson;

b.   attempts to protect the rights of and enhance opportunities for the freedmen, including the basic provisions of the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments to the United States Constitution; and

c.    the Ku Klux Klan and the enactment of black codes.

People in Societies

Indicator

1.   Trace the development of religious diversity in the colonies, and analyze how the concept of religious freedom has evolved in the United States.

2. Describe and explain the social, economic and political effects of:

a.   stereotyping and prejudice;

b.   racism and discrimination; and

c.    institutionalized racism and institutionalized discrimination.

3.   Analyze how contact between white settlers and American Indians resulted in treaties, land acquisition and Indian removal.

4.   Analyze the economic, geographic, religious and political factors that contributed to:

a.   the enslavement of Africans in North America; and

b.   resistance to slavery.

5.   Describe the historical limitations on participation of women in United States society and their efforts to gain equal rights.

6.   Explain how the diverse peoples of the United States developed a common national identity.